phpMyAdmin Installation und sicherer Zugriff

# Systemaktualisierung
apt update && apt upgrade -y

# PHP und erforderliche Module
apt install -y php php-mysql php-mbstring php-zip php-gd php-json php-curl

# PHP-Version pruefen
php -v

# phpMyAdmin installieren
apt install -y phpmyadmin

# Neueste Version herunterladen
cd /tmp
wget https://www.phpmyadmin.net/downloads/phpMyAdmin-latest-all-languages.tar.gz

# Archiv entpacken
tar xzf phpMyAdmin-latest-all-languages.tar.gz

# In Web-Verzeichnis verschieben
mv phpMyAdmin-*-all-languages /var/www/html/phpmyadmin

# Eigentuemer setzen
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/phpmyadmin
chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/phpmyadmin

# Konfigurationsdatei erstellen
cp /var/www/html/phpmyadmin/config.sample.inc.php /var/www/html/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php

# Zufaelligen 32-Zeichen-Schluessel generieren
openssl rand -base64 32

# config.inc.php bearbeiten
nano /var/www/html/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php

// Generierten Schluessel hier einfuegen
$cfg['blowfish_secret'] = 'ZUFAELLIGEN_SCHLUESSEL_HIER_EINFUEGEN';

// Temp-Verzeichnis setzen
$cfg['TempDir'] = '/tmp/phpmyadmin';

# Temp-Verzeichnis erstellen
mkdir -p /tmp/phpmyadmin
chown www-data:www-data /tmp/phpmyadmin

nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/phpmyadmin.conf

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName pma.example.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/phpmyadmin

    <Directory /var/www/html/phpmyadmin>
        Options FollowSymLinks
        DirectoryIndex index.php
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>

    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/phpmyadmin_error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/phpmyadmin_access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

# Site aktivieren
a2ensite phpmyadmin.conf
a2enmod rewrite
systemctl reload apache2

# .htpasswd-Datei erstellen
htpasswd -c /etc/apache2/.htpasswd admin

<Directory /var/www/html/phpmyadmin>
    AuthType Basic
    AuthName 'phpMyAdmin Access'
    AuthUserFile /etc/apache2/.htpasswd
    Require valid-user
</Directory>

nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/phpmyadmin

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name pma.example.com;
    root /var/www/html/phpmyadmin;
    index index.php;

    # HTTP-Auth-Schutz
    auth_basic 'phpMyAdmin Access';
    auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }

    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny all;
    }

    # Sensible Verzeichnisse verbergen
    location ~* /(libraries|setup/frames|setup/libs) {
        deny all;
        return 404;
    }
}

# htpasswd fuer Nginx erstellen
apt install -y apache2-utils
htpasswd -c /etc/nginx/.htpasswd admin

# Site aktivieren
ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/phpmyadmin /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
nginx -t
systemctl reload nginx

# Certbot installieren
apt install -y certbot python3-certbot-apache
# oder fuer Nginx:
apt install -y certbot python3-certbot-nginx

# SSL-Zertifikat fuer Apache erhalten
certbot --apache -d pma.example.com

# SSL-Zertifikat fuer Nginx erhalten
certbot --nginx -d pma.example.com

# Automatische Erneuerung testen
certbot renew --dry-run

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name pma.example.com;
    root /var/www/html/phpmyadmin;
    index index.php;

    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/pma.example.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/pma.example.com/privkey.pem;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    # HSTS
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains' always;

    auth_basic 'phpMyAdmin Access';
    auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock;
    }
}

# HTTP zu HTTPS umleiten
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name pma.example.com;
    return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

-- Mit MySQL/MariaDB verbinden
mysql -u root -p

-- Admin-Benutzer fuer phpMyAdmin erstellen
CREATE USER 'pma_admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'StarkesPasswort123!';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'pma_admin'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

-- Eingeschraenkten App-Benutzer erstellen
CREATE USER 'app_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'AppPasswort456!';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myapp.* TO 'app_user'@'localhost';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

// Nur bestimmte Benutzer zulassen
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowDeny']['order'] = 'deny,allow';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowDeny']['rules'] = [
    'deny % from all',
    'allow pma_admin from localhost',
    'allow app_user from 192.168.1.0/24',
];

// Root-Login blockieren
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowRoot'] = false;

# Nginx - nur bestimmte IPs zulassen
location / {
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 10.0.0.5;
    deny all;
}

# Apache - IP-Einschraenkung
<Directory /var/www/html/phpmyadmin>
    Require ip 192.168.1.0/24
    Require ip 10.0.0.5
</Directory>

# phpmyadmin-Verzeichnis umbenennen
mv /var/www/html/phpmyadmin /var/www/html/db_manager_x7k2

# Nginx/Apache-Konfiguration entsprechend aktualisieren

// config.inc.php - Sicherheitseinstellungen
$cfg['LoginCookieValidity'] = 1800;    // 30 Minuten Sitzungs-Timeout
$cfg['LoginCookieStore'] = 0;          // Sitzung beim Schliessen des Browsers loeschen
$cfg['ForceSSL'] = true;               // SSL erzwingen
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['ssl'] = true;     // MySQL-SSL-Verbindung

$cfg['SendErrorReports'] = 'never';

# Setup-Verzeichnis nach der Installation entfernen
rm -rf /var/www/html/phpmyadmin/setup

nano /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/phpmyadmin.conf

[Definition]
failregex = ^<HOST> .* 'POST /phpmyadmin/index.php.*' (401|403)
ignoreregex =

# /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
[phpmyadmin]
enabled = true
port = http,https
filter = phpmyadmin
logpath = /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin_access.log
maxretry = 5
bantime = 3600

# PHP-Fehlerprotokolle pruefen
tail -f /var/log/php8.1-fpm.log

# Nginx-Fehlerprotokolle
tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log

# Apache-Fehlerprotokolle
tail -f /var/log/apache2/phpmyadmin_error.log

# phpMyAdmin-Berechtigungen pruefen
ls -la /var/www/html/phpmyadmin/

# PHP-Module pruefen
php -m | grep -E 'mysql|mbstring|zip'